Business Plan for Learning Master Company Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Learning Master brings to the market a different kind of product to this market with the student to student tutorials which are averagely priced ranging from 15-30. The lessons will be conducted at the student s flat and offered with a tutor with the same ethnic origin as the students; a factor that makes the company s products cheap and flexible. Students will be comfortable learning in their flats and will be at ease knowing that their tutor knows where they come from and therefore understand their needs. The lessons will be tailored to take care of particular student learning needs. The company also tends to increase brand awareness through internet promotion and the use of printed leaflets. One of the major weaknesses of Learning Master is that it is not experienced tutoring but this will be mitigated with the custom made product offering (appendix 1). Primary research was conducted through questionnaires that were administered to students who learn English as their second lang uage in foundation campuses. Competitors were also interviewed in primary research. The questionnaires administered to students revealed that 60 percent of students are likely to higher student tutors of European origin because they want to improve their English since it is their not their first language this was 70 percent. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Plan for Learning Master Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Social Construction Of Gender And Masculinity - 1689 Words

Throughout childhood children are exposed to many factors, which may influence their actions and attitudes regarding the social construction of gender, specifically masculinity and femininity. Children’s attitudes are influenced by a variety of external sources, but are most strongly influenced by their home life and parents. Parents are responsible for nurturing and teaching children about multiple aspects in life, including gender norms; this occurs both consciously and unconsciously. One-way parents pass on their beliefs about gender and gender norms are through the giving of heteronormative toys. Toys children play with and are exposed to subtly and not so subtly teach gender norms and mores that are accepted in society; furthermore, the association of color and toy genre reinforce the social construction of gender and how males are supposed to exhibit masculinity while females exhibit femininity. Masculinity and femininity are social constructions based on the biological terms male and female, respectively. Masculinity is often associated with the terms active, strong, dominant, and not nurturing; whereas, femininity is often associated with the terms passive, weak, submissive, and nurturing (Shaw Lee 123, 126, 131). In today’s society, due to gender socialization, people generally believe that men should display masculinity while women should display femininity; this social belief is learned and initially taught to young children through heteronormative toys.Show MoreRelatedGender And Social Institutions And The Construction Of Masculinities1920 Words   |  8 Pageshardly given the opportunity to reach their full potential due to a predisposed destiny. Far before birth, society must label humans female or male and only female or male. Specific clothing, bottles, and toys are items used to enforce the baby’s gender. Boys are trained to transform into seriou s, independent, strong, sports-loving men. Boys are taught to mask emotions, especially sadness. Boys are repeatedly reminded that a man never cries. On the other hand, girls are taught to become dependentRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender Masculinity1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe representation of gender in a masculine context in New Zealand is constructed through hegemonic constructions formed through colonisation. Due to being constructed by this dominant ideology, which in terms of a New Zealand context is Pakeha and male (Hegemony), the construction of masculinity appears natural. This hegemonic masculinity is so naturalised it becomes invisible and we don’t see or think about it. Law, R (1997) states that â€Å"The concept of hegemonic masculinity allows for us to theoriseRead MoreEvasive Masculinity On Men s Lifestyle Magazines936 Words   |  4 Pageslad masculinity (Benwell, 2004, pp3). The second article this essay is going to explore is that by Benwell (2004) titled, Evasive masculinity in men s lifestyle magazines. By definition, new lad masculinity describes the rejection of the previously recognised new man ; a feminist concept which emerged in the nineteen eighties (Nixon, 2001). By this, Benwell (2004) suggests that the emergence of the new lad has resulted in a return to a binary and sexist conception of gender and masculinityRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Gender1311 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of their lives, individuals are associated with a specific gender, influencing behaviour, opportunities and expectations. The basic inequalities and disparities between men and women are generally seen as the result of the innate, essential differences between the two biological sexes. This theory presumes that each and every member of the female gender is identical, and that the same can be said for males but â€Å"not all women are the same, just like all men aren’t the same† (TarrantRead MoreGender Is No t So Much Determined By God Nor By Biology Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesallocated gender is not biologically processed. Instead it is a result of social modification. In this essay, one particular theme will be used in order to demonstrate that gender is not so much determined by God nor by biology. Firstly the terms ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ will be defined before the relationship between them is explored in relation to the theme chosen. Secondly evidence that shows that gender is socially constructed will be discussed. The theme that shall be investigated is masculinity. To beginRead MoreThe Patriarchal System Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesto explore patriarchal values that reinforce violence towards women in intimate partner relationships. This paper argues that patriarchy and the social construction of masculinity reproduce male violence against women. The following sub-issues that that will be discussed are patriarchy, capitalism, the religion of Islam, and the construction of masculinity and femininity. All the sub-issues encompass patriarchy values which allows inmate partner violence. Patriarchy First and foremost, patriarchyRead MoreSocietys Social Construction of Gender1055 Words   |  4 PagesGender is defined as the social arrangements that are built to meet personal traits of being male or female and society has created roles that reflect a gender to act in a certain way in society. Rape culture is seen as normal behavior in society where genders experience violence in social institutions. Society has arranged roles to males and females that have led females to experience violence in society and is seen as a norm rather than a problem, because males need to show their masculinity toRead MoreSex and Gender Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesSex and Gender The terms employed most frequently to describe the differences between men and women are sex and gender. Sex refers to the differing physical attributes of women and men (Lee, Shaw). The categories of sex are male and female. In every society sex differences are given social meanings. Social identity, which is confessed on the basis of assumed sexual differencesRead MoreWomen s Social Construction Of Gender1524 Words   |  7 Pageswith trying to redefine various positions at this point in history. To allow freedom for women, freedom for men, freedom from those sharply defined gender roles.† Ward mentions how much society emphasizes gender to create this social construction of gender, which restricts personal freedoms. Many articles have been written about the social norms of gender, and the differences between men and women. Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† (1978) illustrates a conversation with a woman and a young girl about how a girlRead MoreGender And Gender Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesGender; a word used often but often misused and, even more so, misunderstood. Through the works of Macionis, Lorber, Sabo and Panepinto, we start to understand the depth and layers of gender. Gender is a socially constructed idea of norms by which society follows causing us to become gendered people. Gen dering or â€Å"doing gender† comes from the constant gender reinforcement of society and social systems. Macionis (2017) describes gender as â€Å"the personal traits and social positions that members of a

Impacts of Energy Consumption Free Essays

The Impacts of Energy Consumption Coming home from a long day at school, I tell myself, â€Å"Damn, I’m tired! † On top of that, it’s blazing hot outside, so I set my thermostat to the lowest possible temperature so that my apartment can cool down quickly. After I adjust the temperature, I go to the bathroom and then leave the lights on from laziness. Finally, I turn on the television to watch something until I fall fast asleep. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Energy Consumption or any similar topic only for you Order Now The end of the month comes along and I walk to my mailbox to check for any bills and next thing you know I have a staggering bill from Georgia Power! It’s nothing that I should be surprised about because I have ridiculous habits when it comes to leaving things on and setting my thermostat. I’m pretty sure I’m not the only person with an energy-consuming problem. I know that millions of people do the same things I do. Reducing my energy consumption is a challenge that I want to take on to better myself and the environment, which is a change for the good that i have great interest in. I looked at my energy bill for the past month and I did some calculations money wise. When looked over some energy facts on the Energy Star site, it made me realize something. According to Energy Star, the government agency that helps us all save money on energy and protect the environment at the same time, the air conditioning unit consists of approximately 50% of your monthly electric bill (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†). Last month, my bill came up to $70. 71, which is high for me because I don’t really run anything in my apartment but T. V, lights, internet, and my laptop. I barely use my stove or microwave because I’m one of those college students who eats out all the time because I can’t cook. Half of $70 is $35. On top of that, the unit can possibly use more than fifty percent if you don’t maintain it properly. Sealing and insulating ducts can improve the efficiency of your heating and cooling system by as much as 20 percent – and sometimes much more (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†). That being said, it would use less energy and cost less. Energy Star also says that leaving things plugged in even when they are not using it, can consume energy. It does indeed show a difference if you practice leaving things that you don’t use unplugged (â€Å"Save Energy at Home†). It saved me around 50 kWh which doesn’t seem like much but it’s something. Next, since an HVAC unit can possibly take over your energy costs, we should all know how to reduce our consumption when it comes to the HVAC unit itself. Installing a programmable thermostat can help your HVAC system become more energy efficient (â€Å"Energy Saving Tips†). I was reading a article from the ConsumerMan section of MSNBC and came across an article stating that installing a programmable thermostat can cut your energy costs by 20% (Weisbaum). These systems that we cherish so much can also be sources of emission into the environment we inhabit. It is said that HVAC systems can be contaminant emission sources (Batterman). Have you ever left some food laying around and come to realize that it starting growing mold? The EPA conducted a few studies that shown that the HVAC systems are the causes of biological growth, and moisture of which molds use to multiply and grow (Batterman). Therefore, it would probably be a good idea to use programmable thermostats to lower costs and emissions into the indoor environment. These thermostats can minimize the emissions when we are not at home or sleep. Aside from the costs of using the infamous HVAC units that we all cherish so much, the environmental changes is something that goes on unnoticed to people including myself. I think that it’s something that we should consider because of a number of reasons. Energy generation impacts our environment in a way that we don’t see. Most of the energy that we use is produced by power plants that use non-renewable resources such as natural gas, oil, and coil, all of which are considered as fossil fuels. â€Å"Fossil Fuels†) Fossil Fuels account for 83% of the Unites States energy consumption (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). All of these fuels can release harmful things like carbon dioxide, which is a dangerous greenhouse gas (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere by agricultural practices and by the burning of fossil fuels (Michaels 5). According to many people and scientists, they believe that this is what may be causing global warming. Another energy generating method is Nuclear power plants. This, in my opinion, is the most harmful way to produce energy. When nuclear plants are producing energy, they are rapidly changing the temperature, which also increases evaporation. This then increases rainfall, which can affect agriculture with a lack of good soil (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). The environmental concern of nuclear energy production comes from the disposal of nuclear waste. Spillage and leakage of nuclear radiation into the environment can cause people to develop cancer if they inhale these gases (â€Å"Fossil Fuels†). That being said, I feel as if when I use too much energy at home and in other places, I cause the releases of these harmful gases my elf. Environmental Impact of Power Generation explains that 39% percent of the energy generated today is used to make more energy (Hester 15). So this book argues that consumption is, in fact, an important factor of a consumer’s environmental footprint. All forms of electric generation can have some type of environmental impact in the world (Hester 17). For example, hydr oelectric power plants may not have any impact on the air, but to construct these dams can significantly affect our natural river systems as well as the wildlife that inhabits these rivers (Wittwers 25). What about coal? When coal is used to generate power, things like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere (Rowland 35). The Environmental Protection Agency requires that the burners of these particular plants have control devices aimed at reducing the amount of emissions that are released. I looked up carbon dioxide in the dictionary just to have an idea of why exactly is it related to global warming. It is said that it is a greenhouse gas that affects the earth’s radiated balance, which also means that it is directly related to global warming. Another way to think about the greenhouse effect is to consider that according to physics the radiation we receive from the Sun must be equally balanced by the heat Earth radiates out to space. If we were to give back less energy than we receive, our planet would soon be too hot for life. † (â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect†) According to the research that I conducted, it is like a chain reaction. We use too much energy at home, the power plants produce more energy for our high demands, and next thing you know we humans are causing global warming. For the past couple of months, I have been getting significantly high electricity bills and I wanted to know exactly what it is that i have been doing to get such high bills when the only things i constantly run in my two bedroom apartment is: one television, a wireless router, a MacBook, and of-course, my HVAC unit. I learned that the problems are exactly what I just said, â€Å"I constantly run. † Not only that, according to online source, your HVAC unit consumes the most electricity in any household that contains one. I decided to do a project to see what I can do to help lower my energy costs as well as have a lesser impact on the environment. I looked over my Georgia Power bill and I apparently consumed 532 kWh costing me $70. 71, and 640 kWh the month before costing me a whopping $82. 69. That’s a lot for one person with only a TV and a computer running. So my goal was to lower those numbers as much as i can by the next billing cycle. Throughout all the research that was conducted, I decided to do exactly what my sources suggested. I set my thermostat to 77 degrees and left it there. I unplugged all of my electrical devices that were not in use and only plugged them in when I was ready to use them. The next billing cycle was up and I got my bill. For the cycle of March- April, I consumed a nice minimum of 364 kWh costing me only a small $52. 55 for that billing cycle. I was excited because my research project had turned out to be a success. Since the last bill, I saved 168 kWh. That was almost gave me $20 dollars in savings. In conclusion, I honestly feel guilty. Before all of this, I left my light on when I wasn’t using them, left my television on when I wasn’t watching it, and I even leave my office active when I wasn’t in my office. When I say active, I mean my printer stays on at all times as well my desktop and monitor. I just never turn off my computer. It almost seems as if I’m harming the environment with my bad habits especially because I have a habit of leaving on my air conditioning because I either like my apartment freezing cold or blazing hot, depending on the weather and how I feel. The sources that I have introduced have plenty of reasons why people should strive to reduce our energy consumption so we can less impact the environment, ozone layer, and our utility bills. For one, I now feel better about knowing that I’m are contributing to a change that is bettering the environment and I’m even happier with myself knowing that I cut my electric costs by a percentage. Nowadays, I plug out everything electrical when I go to class and I now normally cut off my HVAC unit a majority of the day to reduce the humidity in my apartment, which contributes to mold and mildew. Works Cited Batterman, Stuart. HVAC Systems as Emission Sources. Washington: U. S Environmental Protection Agency, 1995. Print. â€Å"Energy Saving Tips. Efficiency Smart. Energy Star. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Environmental Impact of Nuclear Power. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Fossil Fuels. † Institute for Energy Research. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Rowland, R. H. , K. E. Gould, and E. McDonald. Environmental Impacts of Dispersed and Concentrated Siting of Coal-fired Power Plants. Palo Alto, CA: Electric Power Research Institute, 1984. 35. Print. â€Å"The Greenhouse Effect. † Earthguide: Educational Resources in Earth, Marine, Environmental and Planetary Sciences. University of California. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Michaels, Patrick J. , and Robert C. Balling. The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air about Global Warming. Washington, D. C. : Cato Institute, 2000. Print. â€Å"Save Energy at Home. † Saving Energy At Home. Energy Star, 03 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Apr. 2012. . Weisbaum, Herb. â€Å"Will Programmable Thermostat save Me Money? † Msnbc. com. Msnbc Digital Network, 26 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Apr. 2012. . Wittwer, S. H. Food, Climate, and Carbon Dioxide: The Global Environment and World Food Production. Boca Raton: Lewis, 1995. 25-26. Print. How to cite Impacts of Energy Consumption, Essay examples

The Spread Of Nuclear Weapons- A Debate free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper This book is structured as a argument between the writers on the topic of atomic proliferation. Waltz # 8220 ; argues that because atomic arms # 8216 ; will neer the less spread, # 8217 ; the terminal consequence will be stabilising. His chief point is that # 8216 ; atomic arms make wars difficult to get down # 8217 ; and that even extremist provinces will move like rational 1s because of the reciprocally deterrent attempt of atomic arms. Sagan. . . fears the worst because of # 8216 ; built-in bounds in organisational dependability. He contends that the parochial involvements of professional military leaders in emerging atomic provinces, who will be given to see war as # 8216 ; inevitable # 8217 ; and sceptically view any unmilitary options, will take to deterrence failures or inadvertent war. In add-on, Sagan argues these provinces will likely miss # 8216 ; positive mechanisms of civilian control # 8217 ; to keep hawkish tendencies. # 8221 ; Because atomic arms are so much more powerful than any armaments antecedently known, their debut at the terminal of World War II required a rethinking of strategic rules. State A seeks to forestall province B from assailing, by endangering to react forcefully to assail and bring downing requital on B. If B takes the menace earnestly and refrains from assailing, A # 8217 ; s disincentive policy has succeeded. Nuclear arms lend themselves peculiarly good to deterrence because they can enforce enormous harm on an enemy. Deterrence therefore became the principal # 8211 ; so, they have argued, the intent that atomic arms serve. In my sentiment, Sagan is right. We should worry about the spread of atomic arms. Both the United States and the USSR achieved an assured devastation capacity by the sixtiess. As a consequence, Waltz believed that all the states should hold atomic arms. No affair who start the war, the universe will be destroyed. Why non add more members to fall in the nine? She said that? ? spread? ? instead than? ? proliferation? ? . Someday the universe will be populated by 15 or 18 nuclear-weapon provinces. What the farther spread of atomic arms will make the universe is hence a compelling inquiry. Harmonizing to the Times Newspaper, The United States in secret deployed 1000s of atomic arms in 27 states at the tallness of the Cold War, in some instances without even the cognition of the authoritiess involved.1 This issue remained me that Waltz? ? s point: It is better to hold more states that own the atomic arms than merely few powerful states. However, Waltz? ? s point of position is non a major idea of the issue of atomic arm. Almost the full southern hemisphere is now covered by nuclear-weapon-free zones. The 1s in Latin America and the South Pacific were established during the Cold War, those in Southeast Asia and Africa after its stoping. Zones have besides been proposed, so far without success, for the Middle East, South Asia and Northeast Asia.2 In fact, the atomic power is highly diseqilibrium in the universe, and I believe it is about impossible for most of the states to hold atomic power. In a large-scale atomic war, each side would endure such ruinous devastation that neither could see the result as a triumph. To supply any opportunity for meaningful triumph, a atomic war would hence hold to be badly limited. But the chances for commanding a atomic war are at best unsure. # 8220 ; Despite a steep draw down in U.S. and Russian atomic forces in the old ages after 1991, both the United States and Russia continue to keep big armories of strategic atomic arms poised for immediate launch. Under the most optimistic projections, these armories will stay big and launch-ready for decades.3 This is the point that Sagan talked about. More atomic arms will merely merchandise more harm. It is really hard to command those destructive arms. As a practical affair the undertaking of defence against large-scale atomic onslaught is hard, possibly impossible, when each side has 1000s of arms that can be launched from different waies, at different velocities, and with steerers to confound the defence. To halt all of them is improbable, and, if merely one penetrated a defensive system, it could do ruinous harm. In United States, public ennui with the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which would forbid all atomic trial detonations worldwide, is dejecting but comprehendible. After all, the cold war is over. The job is that Senate Republicans don # 8217 ; t acknowledge that fact, and they are playing with fire in the mussy new 21st-century universe. The argument over the pact, foremost proposed by President Eisenhower and signed in 1996, tells us plenty about the rejection of the whole thought of diplomatic negotiations in favour of a new, extremely partizan dullness in American foreign policy.4 The U.S. Senate # 8217 ; s recent rejection of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ( CTBT ) was a immense letdown to many Americans. The U.S. # 8217 ; s Alliess and friends responded to this ballot with cosmopolitan daze. The state of affairs in the U.S. seems worse, even the cold war is over. Several times in recent months in Russian, President Boris Yeltsin and other Russian leaders have warned about the dangers of a universe war or reminded Washington that Moscow still has a immense atomic armory. The warnings have accompanied recent differences over Chechnya, Kosovo and Iraq.5 Despite regular dissensions, U.S. and Russian functionaries want to keep their stable, if sometimes bitter dealingss. Russian and U.S. non merely vie to each other and maintain their stable but besides prevent other states to develop atomic arms. For illustration, atomic physicist Wen Ho Lee, a cardinal figure in the authorities # 8217 ; s Chinese espionage probe at Los Alamos National Laboratory, was arrested yesterday in New Mexico and charged with 59 counts of botching classified information and go againsting secrecy commissariats of the Atomic Energy Act. His apprehension came after a federal expansive jury issued a far-reaching indictment that charged Lee with downloading huge measures of extremely sensitive information related to the design, building and testing of atomic arms from a classified computer science web at Los Alamos to his unbarred office computing machine and to 10 portable tapes, seven of which are missing.6 The instance is being prosecuted because Wen Ho Lee has denied the United States its sole rule and control over some of this state # 8217 ; s most sensitive atomic secrets . In Asia the CTBT would do it harder for North Korea to progress a nuclear-weapons plan or for China to develop the engineering required to put multiple payloads atop a individual Mobile missile. The congressional commission look intoing possible Chinese espionage concluded that it would be more hard for Beijing to work secrets it may hold acquired from the U.S. if it can # 8217 ; t conduct atomic trials. By the manner, this state of affairs is what Sagan wrote about: the powerful states with atomic arms will seek to command everlastingly, and this should be obstructed. While the U.S. military provides an overpowering hindrance to any rational antagonist, we must besides worry about how to cover with possible menaces from beginnings that are non rational. And it is against these dangers that the Administration is developing and proving a limited NMD system, with a determination on deployment possible every bit early as following summer. This determination will be based on our overall security involvements and will take into history cost, menace, technological feasibleness and effects on weaponries control.7 This pointed out that atomic proliferation is bring forthing some bad consequence to the U.S and besides the universe. Like Sagan said that non merely non-proliferation is needfully but besides the powerful states should cut down their atomic arms. China wants to be a universe power on a par with the U.S. This state? ? s strategic atomic armory is 300 times every bit little as that of the U.S. The full arsenal battalions about every bit much explosive power as what the U.S. materials into one Trident pigboat. The procedure began in the early 1990s, at the really top of the armed forces, when politicians pushed the armed forces to streamline its command-and-control structure.8 More than a twelvemonth after U.N. weaponries inspectors left Iraq, the issue of whether Saddam Hussein has used the clip to reconstruct his arms plan is annoying U.S. policy shapers and stirring argument on the run trail. The Security Council is fighting to hammer a new policy that would let the inspectors to return, but its members remain divided on the countenances. It agreed to a series of short extensions of the oil-for-food plan, which lets Iraq to short-circuit countenances and sell oil to purchase nutrient and human-centered goods.9 If those powerf ul states wear? ? T cut down the atomic arms, the other states will non experience firmly. It will bring forth a barbarous circle. Obviously, the existent international competitions are non like Waltz? ? s idea. The more states have atomic power the more this universe is in unsafe. After World War II ended in 1945, considerable support once more developed for weaponries control and for options to military struggle in international dealingss. The United Nations Charter was designed to allow a supranational bureau to implement peace, avoiding many of the failings of the League of Nations compact. After the slaughter of World War I, the international clime was more receptive to the thought of weaponries control. During the old ages between the two universe wars, many formal arms-control conferences were held and many pacts were drawn up. One of the most of import understandings on weaponries control was the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty of 1968. Signers pledged to curtail the development, deployment, and proving of atomic arms to guarantee that arms, stuffs, or engineering would non be transferred outside the five states that had atomic arms. Sagan? ? thought evidently is the bole watercourse, which the whole universe have worked on it. Possibly the most urgent atomic job since the stoping of the cold war is that of atomic proliferation. It has become progressively hard to forestall advanced Third World states from developing atomic arms if they desire them. Attempts to patrol the usage of atomic engineerings and fuels through reviews and controls imposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency have been utile in decelerating proliferation, but in the terminal non-proliferation is likely to rest on political judgements # 8211 ; for illustration, can a state adequately protect its security without atomic arms? Will the political costs of geting them be prohibitory? 10 The hard non-proliferation challenge in the hereafter is non to guarantee that the U.S. authorities and people are opposed to the farther proliferation of atomic arms. In title, it is non hard to understand why a big atomic province, with the most powerful conventional forces in the universe, would desire to restrict badly the spread of atomic arms to other provinces in the international system. The existent challenge is to make a hereafter in which the authorities leaders, the organisations under them, and the citizens of nonnuclear provinces around the Earth believe that it is in their involvements to stay nonuclear states.11 The amazing destructive power of atomic arms clearly increase the cost of war, and a solon? ? s consciousness of this basic fact can be, in theory at least, a positive force for peace. But atomic arms are non controlled by provinces or solons ; they are controlled by organisation. These organisations, like all complex organisation, will necessarily hold prejudices and parochial involvements, will by necessity develop modus operandis and standardised processs, and will on occasion do serious operational mistakes. The armed forces? ? s prejudices in favour of preventative war, common organisational jobs in bring forthing survivable forces, and inevitable imperfectnesss in the safety of watchful atomic armories produced really serious jobs for the world powers during the cold war. These sorts of jobs are likely to reemerge, sometimes softly and sometimes with a retribution, in new atomic states. Nuclear arms do non bring forth perfect atomic organisations ; they merely make their inevit able errors more lifelessly. Because of the built-in bounds of organisational dependability, the spread of atomic arms is more to be feared than welcomed. 8f5 Ben Macintyre, ? ? US had secret atomic armory in 27 states, ? ? Times Newspaper, October 21 1999 Ramesh Chandra Thakur, Nuclear Weapons-Free Zone. St. Martin # 8217 ; s Press, Inc, 1998 Bruce G. Blair, The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and de-Alerting of Nuclear Weapons. Brookings Institution Press, 1999 Jonathan Alter, ? ? Playing Politicss With the Bomb- Rejecting the test-ban pact would be a green visible radiation for ambitious governments everyplace, ? ? Newsweek October 1999 Barry Renfrew, ? ? No New Cold War Appears Imminent, ? ? Associated Press 13 December 1999 Vernon Lobe and David A. Vise, ? ? Physicist Is Indicted In Nuclear Spy Probe-Wen Ho Lee Accused Of Mishandling Secrets, ? ? Washington Post 11 December 1999 Madeleine Albright, ? ? A Call for American Consensus, ? ? TIME magazine 22 November 1999 Vol. 154 NO. 21 Frank Gibney JR. ? ? Birth of a Superpower, ? ? TIME magazine 7 June 1999 Vol. 153 NO.22 Tom Raum, ? ? Questions Remain About Iraq Weapons, ? ? Associated Press 8 December 1999 Peter D. Feaver, Guarding the Guardians: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the United States. Cornell University Press 1992 Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons- A Debate. W. W. Norton A ; Company, 1995